english materials

PASSIVE VOICE

A.FORM
1.the passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding past participle of the active verb:
Active: We keep the butter here.
Passive: The butter is kept here.

Active: They broke the window.
Passive: The window was broken.

Active: People have seen wolves in the streets.
Passive: Wolves have been seen in the streets.

Note the passive of continuous tenses. This sometimes seems difficult because it requires the present continuous form of to be which is not otherwise much used:

Active: They are repairing the bridge.
Passive: The Bridge is being repaired.

Active: They were carrying the injured player off the field.
Passive: The injured player was being carried off the field.
Other continuous tenses are exceedingly rarely used in the passive so that sentences such are:
They have\had been repairing the road.
They will\would be repairing the road.
Are not normally put into the passive.

2.Auxilary + infinitive combination are made passive by using passive infinitive:
Active: You must shut these doors.
Passive: These doors must be shut.
Active: You ought to open the window.
Passive: The doors ought to be opened.
Active: They should have told him (perfect infinitive passive)
Passive: He should have told him (perfect infinitive passive)

Note also construction such as:
His decision is to be regretted= we regret his decision.
If he is to be believed…= If we believe him…
3. The passive gerund is being + past participle:
Active: I remember my father taking me to the zoo.
Passive: I remember being taken to the zoo by my father.
Students may like to see a table of active tenses and their passive equivalents.

3.students may like to see a table of active tenses and their passive aquivalents.

Tense/verb form active voice passive voice
Simple present keeps is kept
Present continuous is keeping is being kept
Simple past kept was kept
Past continuous was keeping was being kept
Present perfect has kept has been kept
Past perfect had kept had been kept
Future will keep will be kept
Conditional would keep would be kept
Perfect conditional would have kept would have been kept
Present infinitive to keep to be kept
Perfect infinitive to have kept to have been kept
Present participle/gerund keeping being kept
Perfect participle having kept having been kept


The patterns
a. simple present tense: is, am, are.
b. simple past tense: was, were.
c. continuous tense: being.
d. future tense: be.
e. present perfect tense: been.

B. use
The passive voice is used in English when it is more convenient or interesting to stress the thing done than the doer of it, or when the doer is unknown: My watch was stolen is much more usual than thieves stole my watch.
Note that in theory a sentence containing a direct and an indirect object, such as someone gave her a bulldog, could have two passive forms:
She was given a bulldog.
A bulldog was given to her.
The first of these is much more usual, i.e. the indirect object becomes the subject of the passive verb.

Prepositions with passive verbs
a.in a passive sentence the agent, or doer of the action, is very often not mentioned. When the agent is mentioned it is preceded by by:
active: David painted this picture.
Passive: this picture was painted by David.
Active: who wrote it?
Passive: who is written by?
Active: what caused this crack?
Passive: what was this crack caused by?

Note, however, that the passive form of such sentences as
Smoke filled the room. Pain covered the lock.
Will be:
The room was filled with smoke.
The lock was covered with pain.
We are dealing here with materials used, not with agents.
b.when a verb+ preposition+object combination is put into the passive; the preposition will remain immediately after the verb.
Active: we must write to him.
Passive: he must be written to.
Active: you can play with these cubs quite safely.
Passive: these cubs can be played with quite safely.

Similarly with verbs+ preposition/ adverb combinations:
Active: they throw away the old newspapers.
Passive: the old newspapers were thrown away.
Active: he looked after the children well.
Passive: the children were well looked after.

Infinitive constructions after passive verbs
a.After acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimafeel, find, know, presume, report, say, think, understand, etc.
Sentences of the type people think/ consider/know etc. that he…have two possible passive forms:
It is thought/ considered/known etc. that he is…
He is thought/ considered/ known etc. to be…
Similarly:
People said that he was jealous of her= it was said that he was jealous of her or he was said to be jealous of her.
The infinite construction is the neater of the two. It is chief used with to be though other infinitive can sometimes be used he is thought to have information which will be useful to the politic.
When the thought concerns a previous action we use the perfect infinitive so that:
People know that he was…= it is known that he was…or he is known to have been …
People believe that he was …= it was believed that he was…or he was believed to have been …
This construction can be used with the perfect infinitive of a verb.

b.after suppose
1.suppose in the passive can be followed by the present infinitive any verb but this construction usually conveys an idea of duty a is not therefore the normal equivalent of suppose in the active you are supposed to know how to drive= it is your duty to know/ you should know how to drive though he is supposed to be in Paris could mean either he ought to be there or people suppose he is there.
2.suppose in the passive can similarly be followed by the perfect infinitive of any verb. This construction may convey an idea of duty but very often does not: you are supposed to have finished= you should have finished. But he is supposed to have escape this disguised as a women= people suppose that he escaped etc.
c.note that an infinitive placed after a passive verb is normally a full infinitive, i.e. an infinitive with to:
active: we show them go out. He made us work.
Passive: they were seen to go out. He were made to work.
Let, however is used without to:
Active: they let us go.
Passive: we were let go.

d.the continuous infinitive can be used after the passive of think, know, believe, understand, report, say, suppose:
he is thought/known/believed/said/supposed to be living abroad = people think/know/believe/say/suppose that he is living abroad.
You are supposed to be working = you should be working.
The perfect form of the continuous infinitive is also possible:
He is believed to have been waiting for a massage = people believe that he was waiting for a massage.
You are supposed to have been working = you should have been
Working.

e.Passive voice with “get”
Get dapat pula dipakai untuk mempasive kan kalimat active. Hanya saja tidak semua tidak semua verba dapat dipasifkan dengan get dalam kalimat passive. Verba-verba itu misalnya: arrest, catch, hurt, kill, marry, repair, start, steal.
Examples:
A smuggler was arrested at the harbour.
A smugger got arrested at the harbour.

Many people were killed in the plane crash.
Many people got killed in the plane crash.

The engine can not be started.
The engine can not get started.


FORMING THE PASSIVE

S V O
ACTIVE : (a) Mary helped the boy.

S V O
PASSIVE : (b) The boy was helped by Mary.

Form the passive: be + past participle
In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: “the boy” in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b). (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
ACTIVE : (c) An accident happened.
PASSIVE : (d) (none)

Only transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use verbs such as happen, sleep, come, and seems (intransitive verbs) in the passive. (see Appendix 1, Chart A-1.)



USING THE PASSIVE

a.Rice is grown in India.
b.Our house was built in 1890.
c.This olive oil was imported from Spain.
Usually the passive is used without a “by phrase.” The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs in action.
In a): rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, by someone. In sentence (a), it is not known or important to know exactly who grows rice in India.
(a), (b), (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive, i.e., without “by phrase”
d. life on the Mississippi was written by Mark Twain.
The “by phrase” is included only if it is important to know who performs an action. In (d), by Mark Twain is important information.
e. My aunt made this rug. (active)
if the speaker/ writer knows who performs an action, usually the active is used, as in (e)
f. This rug was made by my aunt.
This rug was made by mother.
The passive may be used with the “by phrase” instead of the active when the speaker/writer wants to focus attention on the subject of a sentence. In (f) the focus of attention is on two rugs.










REFERENCES
Thomson, A. J and A. V. Martinet. 1960. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford. Oxford University press.
Djauhari, imam. 1985. Mastery on English Grammar. Surabaya. Indah.
betty schrampfer azar. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New jersey. Prentice Hall.
Raymond Murphy. 1985. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge. Cambridge University press.
Wisnubroto W and Lulut M. 1994. Complete English Grammar. Yogyakarta. Penerbit kanisius.




THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH (delapan bagian dari tata bahasa inggris)

1.Noun (kata benda)
2.Pronoun (kata ganti)
3.Verb (kata kerja)
4.Adjective (kata sifat)
5.Adverb (kata tambahan)
6.Preposition (kata depan)
7.Conjunction (kata penghubung)
8.Interjection (kata seru)

NOUN
The noun is one of the most important parts of speech. Its arrangement with the verb helps to form the sentence core which is essential to every complete sentence.
Kinds of noun
1.Concrete noun (kata benda berwujud)
Concrete noun is a word for a physical object that can be perceived by the sense- we can see, touch, and smell the object e.g.
Marry (nama seseorang)
Man
Girl
Father
Table
Book

2.Abstract noun (kata benda tak berwujud)
An abstract noun is a word for a concept. It is an idea that exists in our minds only e.g.
Beauty
Happiness (kebahagiaan)
Life (kehidupan)

The kinds of concrete noun
1. Proper noun (kata benda tersendiri)
A proper noun begins with a capital later in writing. For example name of person, cities, countries, rivers, mountains etc.
Contoh:
Surabaya, Jakarta, Tokyo
Indonesia, Malaysia, Jerman
Yudhistira, Trifa, Anneroid
Mediantara
Lentera Ilmu Surabaya
2.Common noun (kata benda biasa)
Contoh:
Bridge
Mountain
Plane
River water
Kata benda tak berwujud dapat dibentuk dari kata kerja ke kata sifat, kata sifat yang ditambah akhiran ness dan bisa juga berasal dari kata benda biasa.
Contoh:
To adjust – adjustment
Sad – sadness
Champion – championship
3.Collective noun (kata benda kumpulan)
Contoh:
Army (tentara)
Flock (gerombolan)
Group (kelompok)
4.Material noun (kata benda bahan baku)
Kata benda tersebut digunakan untuk menunjukan benda yang berasal dari bahan baku.
Contoh:
Gold, silver, stone, oil, etc.

SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUN
Singular and plural noun are countable noun. In general, singular noun can be a plural noun by adding S or ES.
Doll – dolls
Ruler – rulers
Note:
Nouns ending in o or ss, sh, ch or x form their plural by adding es:
Tomato – tomatoes
Watch – watches
Kiss – kisses
Box – boxes
Brush – brushes
But words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in o add s only:
Piano – pianos
Kimono – kimonos
Photo – photos
Nouns ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and ending ies:
Baby – babies
Lady – ladies
Nouns ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s only:
Donkey – donkeys
Boy boys
Nouns ending f or fe add ves:
Wife – wives, wolf – wolves, self – selves, etc.
There are some of nouns which have the same form between singular and plural. For example:
Deer - deer, fish – fish, rubbish – rubbish, sheep – sheep.
There are also nouns have change their word in form their plural. For example:
Goose – geese, mouse – mice, man – men, tooth – teeth, woman – women, foot – feet.

FUNCTION OF NOUNS

1.subject of verb
Who or what is being talked about. The verb agrees with the subject in person and in number, for example:
The girl is resting.
The girls are resting.

2.complement of verb
This complements the predication after the verb.
Object of verb
A). a direct object. Who or what receives the action of the verb. For example:
We need some money.
b). an indirect object. A second object to or for which the action of the verb is directed. For example:
please give that man some money.
3. Subjective complement (predicate noun)
Use after a linking verb to refer back to the subject . For example:
Washington was the first president of the United States.
4. object of preposition.
Completes the idea of time, direction, position, etc. begun by a preposition. For example:
The students sat at his desk
5. noun in apposition (appositive)
A second noun used after a first one to re-identify the first one. Example:
Mr. Johnson, my lawyer, is very intelligent.








REFERENCES

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English. New York. Prentice- hall, Inc.

Thomson, A. J and A. V. Martinet. 1960. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford. Oxford University press.