syapa sitha

shita's articles

2008-12-16T05:04:00.000-08:00

Name : Prabashita rahayu kadarsih
No : 06004198

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LANGUAGE LEARNER

Learning is a process to know and understand about something new, knowledge and education that we did not ever know before. Learning can be done wherever we want, at school or out of school. Also can be done with whoever, we can learn something or knowledge from a teacher or people around us. We learn something in order that we able to understand and master that thing. And language learning is an effort to be master in language, especially foreign language. In language learning we can learn it from formal education with course or lecture. And the most effective way is learning with live in the society that use the language that we want to learn, it is very effective way and easier, we can master the language fast. Learning is can be done by every people, they can do that with their own ways. But not every people can be a good learner. It needs discipline, perseverance, and seriousness to be a good learner. A good language learner has their own characteristics that is different with an ordinary language learner. A good language learner have their own learning style. And there are some ways to be a good a language learner. In the next paragraph we will discuss about characteristics of a good language learner, how to be a good language leaner and the beneficial from being a good language leaner.
Good language learners have some characteristics that make them different with ordinary learner. And usually the characteristics is not easy to be done by ordinary learner. The first characteristic is good language learners find a style of learning that suits them, when they are in a learning situation which they do not like, they are able to adapt it to their personal needs. They believe they can always learn something, whatever the situation. They also know how they prefer to learn and choose learning situations that are suited to their way of learning. And their style of learning influence their ability in understanding something. The second characteristic is good language learners are involved in the language learning process actively. They take responsibility for their own learning. Not only learning at school or course, but also active in practicing the language in outside or in daily life, because they know practice is very important. They are not afraid to take risks, make mistakes and keep trying, because they know that is a part of learning process. The third is Good language learners try to figure out how the language works. They try to come to grips with the language as a system. They pay attention to form and look for patterns. They develop good techniques for improving their pronunciation, learning grammar and vocabulary. They welcome mistakes as a way of learning more about the language. The next characteristic is good language learner know that a language is used to communicate, so they use the language that they learn regularly. They are not afraid of making mistake and keep trying to make their language become fluent. They look opportunities to practice speaking with native speaker. And then the other characteristics are good language learners are like good detectives, it means that they always monitor themselves, good language learners learn to think in the language, good language learners realize that language learning is not easy, so they will always try to overcome their feeling with keep learning, good language learners are also good culture learners aware of the very close relationship between language and culture, and good language learners have a long term commitment to language learning. They are realistic in realising that it takes time and practice. Good language learner is never stop learning the language, they will never satisfy with what they have gotten and always looking for clues or ways that will help them to understand about the language and how the language works. They are not shame to ask people to correct them if they are wrong. they record what they have learned and do reflection to know their weakness and plus. And according to H. Douglas Brown, 1977, said that “ Field independence, empathy, perceived social distance, and self-esteem are being examined in this on-going investigation of the characteristics of a good language learner “. So a good language learner should be independent, they are not depend theirselves to other in learning. Learner-perceived social distance between theirselves and their countrymen.
Actually characteristics of good language learner that have told below can be the way to help us to be a good language learner, but characteristic refer to the describing about how good language learner is. So, there some ways how to be a good language learner that more specific for ordinary language learner who want to be a good language learner. Think about your native language, have you been able to speak the native language fluently before you start your class?. You have to be independent, you can not only depended on the lesson that have been teached at school, but you have to learn in outside too and practice it. If the only time you use the language is during class time, and only when you are forced to, you will never learn it well. You have to be responsible for your own learning. You have to make the most of the opportunities around you, both in and out of class. When you are in class, don’t be afraid of looking stupid or making mistakes, don’t be afraid to talk, ask lots of questions, speak to your teacher and classmates in the language. Homework and revision, write out new vocabulary, try to say the pronoun and remember it. If you have not homework from school, you need to do the exercises at your books or try to write sentences. If you like write a diary, try to write in the language or English.
There are many things that we can learn from a good language leaner. That they are very independent, they always learn although there is no teacher who teach them. They always feel not enough with a knowledge, they keep learning everything, that make them have many knowledge. They always think about how they are learning, what they can do to make them understand. They are realistic. They have a balanced concern for communication and accuracy. Some students are experts at communicating their thoughts but do not care that they make many mistakes in doing so. The good language learner, on the other hand, is concerned with both communicating and doing so as accurately as possible. And a good language learner always do reflection, they always think what their weakness or plus, have they learned well or not, have they spoken fluently or not. And reflection I very important to improve and develop our skill. Like the quotation that I found at internet at paul_shoebottom@fis.edu, said that the most important piece of the way to learn quickly and affectively is with reflection, you think about your learning; that you come to understand your own strengths and weaknesses, your likes and dislikes. If you find something difficult, you ask yourself why and try to find ways to do better next time. If you always seem to get low scores in vocabulary tests, you analyze your methods of studying words. If you don't like to study grammar in grammar books, you find some other method of learning the rules of the language. An excellent way to reflect on your learning is to keep a language journal in which you write about your daily experiences in learning English.
And the conclusion of the characteristic of a good language learner is they always find ways to learn something, they never stop to learn, they are independent learner and active learner. The beneficial of be a good language learner is we know about everything, we more develop than the other, we always can find opportunities to develop ourselves and our career. Sometimes good language learners can find new ways to learn affectively. Good language learners have a big spirit to develop their self, and it will make them be successful.

THERE ARE MANY WAYS TO IMPROVE ENGLISH COMPETENCE

Every people has their own competence level in study something, especially study English. And English is a language which is necessary to be understood in this globalization era. So, it’s very important to increase or improve our English competence. Nowdays, there are much important news and many technologies which use English language. So, to be able to understand and not leaved behind we must have good ability in English. Improving English is important too, in order to we can associate and communicate in international arena. So, improving English competence is a effort to increase our English competence to be better and perfect because we need it to follow international world developing, with improve grammar and increase vocabulary.
We can not improve our English instantly. It needs a process and there are many ways to do that. We can do that in informal and formal way. The meaning of formal way is improving English competence in school, like study English at school, campus and other English education institutions. And informal way is improving English with study in outside like reading English book. Moreover, the most important is practice. We can not improve our English well without practice regularly and self motivation. In the next paragraphs we will talk about study English in formal and informal way, and how much important the practice and self motivation.
Improving English in informal and formal way, both of them is useful and helpful. In formal way like at school, campus and education institutions. There is English subject at SD, SMP up to SMA, elementary English is learned here. Tenses like present tense, past tense and future tense, conversation too. But English at school is not helpful enough because it is just learned once a week, so that is needed extra class out of school, for example course. Although English at school is quite help in improving English competence but it is very useful as English elementary learning. To be able to learn English more deep and specific can be done when we take English lecture, we can increase our English ability here, get English learning that more specific. English lecture teach about pronunciation, semantic, morphology, grammar, speaking, listening, reading, that all of them is very important to support our English ability in order to be more perfect. And when we lecture, our knowledge will increase more and more, and we are claimed to be creative to develop English well. So, formal way at school, lecture and others is as a role enough in improving English competence because we study about the true grammar and how to pronun exactly.
Whereas, which is meant with informal way here is improving English competence in out of formal ways. That are practice, reading English book or magazine, etc. One of the ways in order to we can get many insights and knowledge in English is with reading. Reading English book is very good to enrich vocabulary, very important to improve our English too. English songs can help us to enrich vocab and sharpen our listening skill. Informal way can be done with make study club in out of school or lecture. There are many medias which can help us in improving English competence, one of them that is most modern is internet, we can access internet to get much information about English. Like a quotation from H. Douglas Brown in http://www.mail-archive.com . one of his five english studying princip says that, “If we study english formally (at class, at course), usually the time is limited : four hours a week, six hours a week or eight hours a week. Of course the study time in this class is very limited. In order to study be more effective, we have to make opportunity to “study” out of class too : discussion with friend, visit the websites that order free English studying, or speak in English with friends or native speakers (by letter, email, or direct speaking). We can try to read newspaper, magazine, text books, listen to radio, songs, or watching movie or English programs. In order to studying process can be more interesting, chose the topics which is match with our hobby, needed, or which have relation with education background and our job.”

But, which is more important from all of that is practice. Studying toery or just reading is not enough. We will not be able to sharpen our ability or skill without practice. People said that practice is the best teacher. Don’t be shame to practice speaking, and don’t be afraid to make a false because with practice regularly we can know our weakness in English. And it is important for student to do the competence test to know where their weakness and how to improve it.
So, there are many beneficials from that ways. And every way has the same beneficial. That are make our English perfect, increase knowledge, moreover increase our English competence. The most important is self motivation to study continuously and keep going on, also we must love what we do, especially English. Like quotation from Xavier Quentin Pranata in You Are What You Think, that “ jika kita mencintai apa yang kita kerjakan, maka hal tersulit apapun akan terasa mudah. Pekerjaan seberat apapun akan terasa ringan. Bukan hanya itu, jika kita menyenangi pekerjaan dan profesi kita, maka tantangan sebesar apapun bisa kita ubah menjadi peluang yang luar biasa”. So, if we want to get great opportunity in english, we have to study wherever and whenever.

THEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
The success in learning and teaching English is influenced by many things. From ourselves is like our emotional feeling when learn or teach English, are we motivated or not, enjoy or not, that decide the fluency of our learning or teaching process. From the outside is like teacher’s teaching style, it influence especially to student, teacher who has a good style in teaching and effective teaching will help the student to understand clearly and fluently. Learning is a effort in self development, we have to develop our self with learning something new in order to be able to teach something new too. Before we do that, we have to know what will we do to do the self development itself and what it is. And as an English teacher, we have to know what teaching is. In the next paragraph I will explain about all of that in my opinion.
What was my emotional feeling when started my English class. It depends on the lecturer and on the lecture subject. There are some subjects that is very difficult for me and I don’t like it. Sometimes it makes me feel bored and unmotivated to follow the class. And there are some subjects that I like and motivate me to follow it. If from the beginning I have felt difficult to approve the material of a lecture subject or felt the subject is too difficult for me because there are too many materials or theories in English book usually I will be unmotivated to follow the class of that subject and not be challenged to learn it deeply. Although I always follow the class but my concentration will not be there and it will be difficult to me to understand the subject and refer to be lazy. But, if from the beginning I have liked the subject of a lecture, I will be more diligent, motivated and challenged to follow the class and to learn the subject, give me spirit to come on time, in other hand if I don’t like the subject, so it will not give me spirit to come on time and sometimes intend to be late to the class.
The lecturer also influence my feeling in following the class. If the lecturer is pleasant, creative, not boring and don’t use English all of time on teaching or explain something, it will make me easier to approve and understand the material, I will like it and more motivated to follow the class.
All of that things give big impact in my study, it decide in mastering a subject well or not. If I like the subject or the lecturer from the beginning and interested, so it will make me be motivated and challenged to follow the class and learn the material. And make me understand easily. But, if I don’t like the material or the lecturer from the beginning, it will be difficult to me to be motivated to follow the class, and will be difficult to understand about it till the end. I know it is a bad habitually, give a bad impact too, but it is still hard to me to change it. But, actually I like English class when I was in SD, SMP and SMA, so I always motivated and challenged to follow the class, and now I will try to motivate myself to follow every class well and learn it well, regularly.
Teacher’s teaching style. My English teacher when I was in senior high school have a teaching style that is almost same with other teacher. He gave us an English book or Packet book. He always asked his students to translate the article on the book, then asked the students to answer the questions. Every meeting he always have the student assignment, like translation, make sentences or grammar test that have been learned before. He sometimes asked his student to read the dialog in front of the class loudly to know the pronunciation. Then he corrected our pronunciation, and asked us to repeat until we said the correct pronoun. And according to me, he have had an effective teaching style because he have helped his students learn vocabulary, increase vocabulary with translation, learn reading comprehension with read article and answer the questions, study grammar not only with theory but also with assignments that will grind the students ability, and improve pronunciation with dialog.
But now, when I am lecture, there are many lecturer with different teaching style. They have many creative ways to teach their material, so make the students approve the material easily, give assignments that help to increase student English competence. Give knowledge by telling experiences about foreign language and abroad that make student motivated. And teach the students to be on time, because that is very important in learning process. But there are some lecturer that their teaching style is less effective. They just sit all of time and teach by LCD media without mobile. Less capable in explain the material, even sometimes they are doubt with what they have explained, so it make the student confused. I think the lecturer who is like that have no approach to language teaching.
About self development. I think self development is personality development to develop our skill and competence continuously. Self development is taking personal responsibility for person’ own learning and development through a process of assessment, reflection, and taking action. Self development is non stop learning. There are many ways to help in self development, such as update our skill continuously with learning something new, write a personal vision and mission to support ourselves, make some planning for our future, find mentor or friends who can provide you with support, advice and can remain you, read books and magazines to keep current on the latest developments in your field or access internet. Before we decide to develop our self or personal we have to know ourselves first, know how far our ability in learning and doing something, don’t press ourselves over our ability because the result will not be good. Self development is not only to develop our skill but also improve our personality and behavior to be better in order that we can be a modern person who have good behavior and personality, not only do the development for her or his self but also can make development and change for the world around them to be better, modern, suitable with the values in the society and religion.
And as an English teacher, self development is to develop skill in English teaching, improve our mistakes in teaching, always doing reflection about what we have done or what we will do. Self development for English teacher is not only for her or his self but also for her or his students. That is to develop their student knowledge with better teaching skill.
How much time that we need to invest in personal development. I think we can not measure how much time we need to do the personal development. There is no limit time to develop our self and our knowledge, because the knowledge is not stop in certain things, but it always up date continuously, so it demand us to keep learning and doing self development. We need so much time if want to learn about all of knowledge and things in this world to develop our self.
Teaching is a process to make the student or person to know about something. Teaching is done with explain and give example. An effort to make the student understand about the material. Giving new knowledge and education with certain methodology, actual references or sources. The teaching process is like explain the material with example, then give some exercises or tests, finally give the score as measurement of the student ability, also can be used to measure the successful of teaching process. Teaching can be done everywhere and every time, not only teacher can teach, but also everybody who more know about something than us can teach that to us. Teaching is supported by learning, we can’t teach something if there is no one who want to learn. There is no teacher without learner.

dewi's articles

2008-12-16T04:58:00.000-08:00

Title: how the way to be a good language learner
Out lined:
1.Why is it difficult to describe a good learner?
2.How important is the student motivation?
3.What characteristics do good classroom learners share?
4.What is special about teaching adult?
5.How the way to improve self motivation?

The mother tongue in Indonesia is bahasa Indonesia or Indonesian language, Indonesian language as the national and legal language in Indonesia, there is no other language which is used in Indonesia except Indonesia language. When we want to face the modern era or globalization era, it is a must for us to know and master in English, because English is the international language which is used in all over the world. In Indonesia, English is the second language, every body want to be master in English or at least could be able to speak well. So it is not wonder that people get difficulty in learning English as our second language. Many ways people did to make them mastering in English. Take for example, they take a course to support them understanding English well and could be able to speak English fluently. Nowadays, Students in the formal school had been given English as the major subject, and English belong to one of the subject which is examined on the national final examination. The students complained that English has difficult on its pronunciation, its stressing, its grammar, its spelling, its intonation, and so forth. Because of that reasons, student have not motivation to study English and it give the bad effect for them who will study about this second language. At the end of this effect is they have no self confidence, in my opinion self confidence is the major problem which support our success study English. If we have high self confidence, we will enjoy to study about it and we will notice each single part that is given from our teacher for us. In the next paragraph I will tell more about why is it difficult to describe a good learner? How important is the student motivation? Who is responsible for learning? What characteristics do good classroom learners share, what is special about teaching adult? how the way to improve self motivation.

I feel confused when somebody asks me, “what is a good learner means to you?” Firstly, there is no limited topic or parameter of this question, so I can not answer it because it is too general, second, this answer is very relative to answer, because everybody will have different opinion about it, third, a good learner is very difficult to describe because it is related to the behavior, motivation and abstract thing. Among one to others questions will be different. According to the language of teaching learning’s book, stated that many factors need to be taken into account when considering the qualities of good learners, we should know their backgrounds, for examples their past learning experiences? Why are the ability of one student and other different? We as an English teacher should realize that every student brings a unique personality to the classroom; it is often difficult to assess the factors involved. Teacher has some commonly- held of view about good learners, he or she will tell you that the students who do best are the ones who always do their homework, for example. But in my opinion a good learner is someone who always active in the classroom, I mean she or he can be able to understand well about what the teacher teaches in the classroom, he or she could be able to think logically and critically, I think it is the simple understanding about a good learner. Of course a good learner must always have motivation, so in the next paragraph I will tell more about how important the student motivation is.

Sometimes our dream comes true, in fact we did not know the exactly time when will it happens. But I believe that everybody has a dream, because of it sometimes the possibility will be happen. Starting from a dream we can change the world. Most of the successful people begin from their motivation, in my believe motivation comes from the deep inner, and appear from my heart. So because of this I can achieve my achievement in the future. We know that English is our second language, so it is difficult for us to understand it well, in my belief, when we are studying the second language, the most basic important thing is the motivation, if we have clear motivation and we realize what the real motivation in our mind, we will have strong willing to do everything, motivation gives many good effects for our succeed, because of the motivation will make us feel confident, people who has self confidence, it means that he or she is serious to do something, when we are serious study the second language, it will make us be easier to catch the point, and we will master in English sooner. According to the Gardner's socio-educational model which stated that, Motivation is defined as the learner's orientation with regard to the goal of learning a second language. There are two basic types of motivations: integrative and instrumental. Integrative motivation is characterized by the learner's positive attitudes towards the target language group and the desire to integrate into the target language community. Instrumental motivation underlies the goal to gain some social or economic reward through L2 achievement; both forms of motivation are examined in light of research which has been undertaken to establish the correlation between the form of motivation and successful second language acquisition.
The work conducted by Gardner in the area of motivation was largely influenced by Mowrer (1950, cited in Larson-Freeman and Long 1994), whose focus was on first language acquisition. Mowrer proposed that a child's success when learning a first language could be attributed to the desire to gain identity within the family unit and then the wider language community. So motivation is one of the ways to get better future. For further information I will tell you about what characteristics do good classroom learners share.

There are different characteristics of the students in the classroom, there are some students are listening what the teacher taught is, it looks as if they are more engaged with the process of learning than their peers. Teachers are aware of this too, so as a good teacher we should understand and could be able to overcome this problem, because when a teacher ignores them, they will never know what the teacher taught is, and finally they can not get the material from teacher. Successful students possess some or all of the following characteristics
a)A willingness to listen, a good learner listen to what is going on, when a teacher in front of the classroom explains and teaches the students, so a good learner will listen carefully what do the teacher taught, if a student has motivation to follow the learning process in the classroom, automatically he or she will pay attention about it, and will be seriously listen to, later on he or she will think critically and catch the point. In my opinion, a good learner is reflected from his or her attention during the learning process. Because of for the students, the most important think is listening during the learning process.
b)A willingness to experiment, a good learner who always has motivation in her or his life, of course will try to experiment something to make sure what he or she have learned so far, they want to find a proof about it.
c)A willingness to ask questions, as a teacher the first step that we should do is prepare the materials which will be taught to the students, it will make us be confident in the classroom, moreover when students ask questions, we will sure to answer each question from the students. Sometimes their questions are unrelated to the subject we have been taught, so we can not angry about it but answer the questions as good as possible. We should be proud of them who always ask questions during the teaching process, it means that they think critically.
d)A willingness to think about how to learn, the way to learn is different each student, sometimes a good way to someone, but it is not suitable to another, student’s ability is different, that makes them have their own characteristic how to learn. A good learner is someone who understands well about the best method for him or his. In my opinion, when a student finds a suitable method for her or him, it means that they will learn effectively and he or she will understand the point and he will master in that subject.
e)A willingness to accept correction, a good learner is prepared to be corrected if it helps them. They will get feedback, it will reflect what they have done, is it correct or not from the teacher, but the teacher should realize that they are a learner, so we should use the suitable words, do not blame her or him. Because when it happens, the student will feel down and lost of motivation to learn. Moreover the age gives clear influence to the way they are learning. So I will divide the student into two categories, the first one is children learners, and the second is adult learners. Now I am going to tell you about teaching adult.

When we decide to teach children or adult, we have realized that it has special characteristic, weakness, and also the strength. Perhaps the greatest difference between adult and younger ages or children is that the former come to lessons with a long history of learning experience. At least ten years of schooling and perhaps then have gone on to the study at a higher level. Those learning experiences which bad and good will help them to form strong opinion about how teaching and learning should be carried out. They use trial and error to make them better, in my opinion, whether it is good or bad; experiences in our life teach us to be better. Adults are frequently more nervous of learning than younger pupils are. In my belief, adults are more have special feeling than children, it will make them look foolish sometimes, adults can expect more immediate cooperation from the majority of their students, because they realize their responsibility an a student and human being. The media which is used is different from children, the adults need less media than children, when we each children, we should consider about the innovation media which ease them to study English, we should make them enjoy with their class, usually the media is very complicated how the way to make. But in adults, we no need complicated media to learn English. We do not have to play games or sing songs to get their cooperation. Good teacher should be able to entertain the students, because of the students need it sometimes. The most important thing is we know how the way to improve our self development, so in the next paragraph I will share how the way to improve it.

Although self motivation is very relative for each student, but There are many ways to improve self motivation, one of them is making a target of your study, I mean you should make a study plan for short term and for long term, if you have target in your life, automatically you will have a motivation to achieve your best achievement. The fundamental requirement that people should do is study hard always, it will make the daily activities of that student be different than others, and he or she will be a student who always have self motivation to achieve the best achievement. There is nothing more important that you can do in your life than becoming master of yourself. When you have learnt to do this everything else will begin to fall into place, Retrieval internet (on nov25, 2008, paragraph 3).
It means that we should motivate our self to reach our dream. I think that all about a good learner.

DEBATE IS THE EFFECTIVE WAY TO IMPROVE OUR ENGLISH

Today we know that English is the important mans of communication in all over the world. People try to be master in English or understand well enough. Starting from adult learner till children learner tries to understand and be able to speak English fluently as a guidance of the modern era. We know that, most 90 % internet is using English, when we are looking for information about the current issue or we want to look for some data. We should know the meaning first later on we understand what the meaning is or we can catch the point. So, it means that everybody must understand English well and be able to speak English fluently.

Day after day, everybody tries to find the new break through of the method to be master in English well. There are many ways to understand English well, but I take for an example, debate competition. There are proved by participating in English debate, the students have higher understanding in English then who never join it.

The debate competition will be very effective when we are very active and confident by ourselves. We should not afraid of making mistakes in grammar or pronunciation, because everything will be better when we are active join it and step by step will be fluent in English. For the significant examples, when we are in the debate competition, our brain will work harder to memorize a lot of vocabularies; it means that we should think quickly when we will speak in debate. So, it proves that we have a lot of vocabularies during the debate event. Next, when we are listening to the opposite team we should listen carefully, it means that we should ask the ears to work harder, because English is our second language, sometimes we find the difficult words. That is just the simple example. The debate means much to the participants because of the debate will help them to get higher self-confidence. In the next paragraph, I will give more explanation about what the debate is, the advantage of participating English debate, and the debate procedures or system.

The ordinary people wonder what debate is, because in their brain, there is no exactly meaning. There are two types of debates. Debate (American English), or debating (British English). According to the Wikipedia.com “debate is a formal method of interactive and position representational argument. Debate is a broader form of argument than logical argument, which only examine the consistency from axion, and factual argument ,which only examine what is or is not the case (Oct 21, 2008). debate are divided into two teams, called affirmative or team which agree or support the case and opposite or team which disagree or did not support the case. Both of them will stand with their opinions, of course they will give proofs to the adjudicators that they are the correct ones and try to be the winner. A team has three members as the first (1st) speaker, second (2nd) speaker, and third (3rd) speaker. Everybody has to bring one sector which having relation to the motion and they will raise their case. Everybody has five minutes to speech in front of the audiences. First (1st) speaker of opposite will rebut the first (1st) speaker of affirmative, and so forth. There are three adjudicators who will supervise the event, a moderators and a time keeper.

Role of this game is easy but hard to do for people who never join this. Affirmative and opposite teams will speech in the front of the audiences. Starting from the first (1st) speaker of the affirmative team to speech for five minutes and first (1st) speaker of the opposite will rebut affirmative’s statements or opinion and so on. Finally the third (3rd) speaker of the opposite team will give the summary of their case and they can not rebut the affirmative because, it is not the rebuttal section, and the affirmative will give their summary too. Both of them is standing of the case and try to convince the adjudicators. The moderator will introduce the role of the game, the team and the names, the adjudicators and the names, their motions etc. the moderator will give knocking, when three minutes ; once, for minutes; two knockings, five minutes; continuously knockings. The adjudicators will give the score based on the case, how the way to stand on the case, and ability to answer the rebuts team, their fact or proof and their duration or time management. At the end of the game, the adjudicators will choose the best speaker of the game. He or she can come from the winner team or the loser ones.

Everybody wants to be a professional debater, a good debater used to master in English, could be able to think logically, and smart. Why we should join the debate competition, because it gives us many advantages. The first one is we train our brain to think logically, it is very important for every students has it. Because of we should have the high brave or courage to face the world. According to the Intan rawit’s opinion (one of the good debater in the UAD University) on the last year, she said, “we as the students must to think logically and smart, through debate you can get it easily”. Next, as the English students, we should be master in English through debate competition we will more easy to listen to the new vocabulary and we will have many new vocabularies every time. We also can be able to speak in English as the second language easily and fluently. We can make better our pronunciation, grammar, and expression. We also have a lot of friends, we can share everything. At the point is we as the English students should join the English debate competition to know how far we understood English. In the next paragraph, I will show you about the beneficial of joining English debate competition for future want to be and why every student of the university should join the debate competition.

We study at the university and we choose to be a teacher. It means that we will teach and educate our student next. We should educate them about the spiritual and emotional quotation. We do not teach them the academic only we should teach them the soft skill and for example is debate activity. When we want to teach them this game, we must understand it well; it means that we should join it first. If we usually join this game when we are studying at the university, it will be easier to teach our students next.

As a student of the university you must be able to think logically, critically and fast. Through debate that will be easier for us to be a competence student. If we used to think logically, critically and fast, it will be easier to make relation in the society. Just as the Darwin state that “…by means of the natural selection”. Through debate we will learn how the way to survive and consistent.

Studying is an investing for the bright future; I read that proverb on the one of the private university in Jogjakarta. This university realizes how important the education is. If we want to get a better life we should study hard. We know that most of the Indonesian people are low in education; there are many reasons why it happens in Indonesia. First, low motivation, they believe that they should not study till university to get a better life, second, the finance, we know that most of Indonesian people are poor, so they have not enough money to finance the school, third, they are still traditional people, they believe that a girl should married sooner, they will be better to be a good house-wife than go to school, it is their culture. So we get a difficulty to improve our human resources if the people still think like that. In fact, Indonesia is a develop country, when we want to be a modern country we should improve our human resources first by education.

Teacher is one of the factors who could be able to improve human resources in a country. A teacher has a role to create great next generations. It means that teachers should realize, know and understand to help the students improving their ability. The main aim as a teacher is we should understand the way to improve their ability, their interest, and their talent as a different characteristic. If a teacher knows well about it, I think that our next generations is great. The teacher should always improve their self-development to run their duties as teachers.
On 19th of November 2008, I interviewed one of the Ahmad Dahlan University’s teachers; she is Mrs. Tri Rini Widiarty, M.Hum. We talk about self development, in the next paragraphs I will write down her opinion about self development.

What do you think about Indonesian teacher?
In my opinion, but my statement is without observation first ok, in my private assumption, I did not know more, but based on the teacher’s quality, the teachers seem better, their quality is improving. We can see from the degree to be a teacher should S1 degree, and the teacher who has D3 degree should take the S1 first. The teacher who still in D3 degree, they should continue their study till S1. It is for their better quality. Take for example; in 2009 every teacher in the university should S2 degree.
I underlined that there is a changing on the quality side of the teachers in Indonesia.
Do you know about self development?
Self development related to the profession, in my opinion as a teacher should improve the self quality. We should realize that we will be a teacher when we decided to study in the teacher department. High motivation is the basic obsession as a teacher. For examples, study hard about the subjects which we learn, improve the student self development through join in the organizations, find new experiences outside, seminar, enrich knowledge by reading many books. Among the students are different in their self motivations.

Would you like to give me examples of the self development which the teacher should have, and what is the real support from the teacher to the students?
If they are a student, they should be mastering in their program of study, take for example as an English student should know what English cognitive is, because it will be the priority which the teacher bring for the students in the classroom. The teacher should know much and be mastering in English. The teacher should know the students’ psychology, the students’ growth, and how to teach them well. The student academic is not enough, so the teacher should know their psychology, the class administration, and so forth.

What is the relation between self development and teaching process?
Of course it has a strong relation, as a student, when we are studying with a teacher who has good self development, we will enjoy with how the way he handles classroom and give motivation to the student. Compare with the teacher who has not good self development, the achievement of teaching process will not maximum, and there is no improvement to the student. I believe that self development gives the significant contribution to the students.

Should every teacher implements their self development in the classroom?
Of course, they should. This implementation will give the significant meaning to the teaching process. As a professional teacher will give a good outcome to the student, teacher who has a good aim should motivate the teacher to study hard, the proof of it is reflected from a changing of the student’s behavior, according to the Gagney statement,” the changing of behavior”. For example, the teacher teaches how to sing, and the student could be able to sing a song.

How to improve self development?
1.formal (study college)
2.Informal (trainings, seminars, workshops, up date reference books, discussion club, and many more).

The problems when we want to improve our self development
The main problem is the personality of people. For me financial is not the main problem, although money is everything but for me there are many ways to develop our self development. The most important thing is our motivation. Take for examples, the rich student who has no high motivation, she will never get the maximum outcome, but the poor who has high motivation or strategy to develop it, will be get good outcome. Once again for me financial is not the main problem to develop our self development.

The positive value when a teacher knows her self development
She will motivate her friends and will share the correct way how to improve it well. She will be a problem solver among her friends. She has self confidence, and it will give new atmosphere to the student. If the teacher did not confidence, it means that the teaching process is boring. If she is confident, it appears from her speak, her comment, her explanation, and so forth.Self development, appears in her confident, it means she will create a good atmosphere in the classroom.

What the government should do to support the teacher improving self development?
Government makes a policy, take for example, minimum degree for teacher is S1, and it will make the teacher motivate themselves to achieve this degree. Through competence requirements, they will motivate themselves to improve their self development, or the local government gives the scholarship to the competence teacher.

Have you mastered in self development?
Not yet, as objective answer I could not. In my opinion I prefer to study more on and on. Take for examples, when I was a student of university, I always try to study hard how to be mastered in English, besides that I join many organizations. Made study club, participating in story telling competition, training how to write well. Learning by doing when I was at semester 5, I tried teaching in the school. When I was semester 5, I must know more to be a good teacher. After finishing S1 degree, I continued my S2 degree. I write and make observations. That is my effort.

Do you get any difficulties?
There are any difficulties when we want to achieve something, take for examples, my laziness, and I often wait until tomorrow what I can do today. Sometimes I lose my motivation too.

That is what Mrs. Rini said and her opinion about self development.
So, I make a draw conclusion, as a teacher we should develop our self development, in order, we are confident and are giving a good atmosphere to our students.

In this modern era, we believe that English is one of the requirements that we must be had. Many ways people did to make them mastering in English. Take for examples, they take courses to support their understanding English well and could be able to speak English fluently. Nowadays, Students in the formal school had been given English as the major subject, and English belong to one of the subject which is examined on the national final examination. In Indonesia English is the second language, so it is not wonder, Indonesian people get difficult to master in English or at least could speak in English. "Enthusiasm is the only thing that was there in the beginning," says Harry Lerner, an anthropology PhD, and another award-winning TA (teaching assesment). "I found [teaching] extremely difficult. It took a long time and a lot of hard work to be prepared to sit in front of a classroom."
It can be proved at the students’ marks or the students who get failed on the national final examination. Most of them get failed in English. They complained that English has difficult its pronunciation, its stressing, its grammar, its spelling, its intonation, and so forth. Because of that reasons, student have no motivation to study English and it give the bad effect for them who will study about this second language. At the end of this effect is they have no self confidence, in my opinion self confidence is the major problem which support our success study English. If we have high self confidence, we will enjoy to study about it and we will notice each single part that is given by our teacher for us. In the next paragraph I will tell you about my overall emotional feeling, the description of teacher’s style, what self development is, my willing time to invest my personal development as an English teacher, and the last is my philosophy of teaching.

I am just the human being or an ordinary girl in this world. My feeling is easy to be good and easy to be bad. The same as my motivation in English, sometimes overwhelmed, sometimes challenged, sometimes unmotivated too. When I started my English class, my overall emotional feeling is always overwhelmed; Because of I have basic reason in my heart, I love English so much since I started studying English at the first time on junior high school. I love English and I want to master in English, I also have ambition to get the scholarship to the America or Europe. That will make me always get motivation in English. Although I never know when I will get it or my dream never comes true, but at least I have a dream like Westlife song Irish boy band. When I am starting my English class, I am happy because I want to be master in English sooner. Another reason why I get motivation is I remember my parents’ support; they want me to study hard always because they should work hard to finance me now. I want to be paid off their effort by study hard and motivate myself to be better and better. But sometimes I am unmotivated, I know that is wrong, but I am just the ordinary girl who have motivation which sometimes rise and down. When I have no motivation because of my private feeling, take for an example, when I have bad feeling because of there are many problems in my life, related to my family, my assignments, my work, my friends, my teacher’s teaching style and many more. But the basic problem comes from my teacher’s teaching style. In the next paragraph I will tell more about it.

I take for examples, my teacher now who has monotone teaching style. He always asks the students to make presentation. One group will present their presentation and others student will give opportunities to ask some questions. In my opinion it is not effective because of the student ability to think critically is different, some of them have high ability and some of them have low ability about it. So the teacher should notice this aspect first before he decide to use this style all class long. In my belief, the students will tend to talk each other during a group present its presentation. It means that they did not know what have been presented, and they did not the material which should understand well, at the end they will get nothing in this subject because they did not understand it. In my opinion this style will be very effective if the teacher gives his presentation, gives assignments about this, asks the student to make review about it, they should present that, and of course discuss that. I think it will give them a better style to study the chapter. I feel so bored and this class for me is boring class. I think my friends will think like that too. Actually I did not understand well why he uses this style, he always says that every student should be independent student, critically thinking, and improve your ability by your self. But my assumption is that he is very lazy to teach the students and do not know the suitable style of teaching. When the final examination will be held the students will collect the materials which have been presented in the class room and actually the students do not know the exactly about this subject, so it gives bad outcome to the students. Although he has very smart brain, good knowledge about English but he can not understand what the students want to. I believe that teacher is one of the significant factors to make the students be successful. So a teacher has responsibility to make the students get success. He should always improve his self development, because it will give good effects to the student and teaching process.

In my opinion self development is a process to be better in all aspects. It means that I should improve my ability in English every time, every minute, every hour, and every day. I can not be satisfied with my ability so far, because when this feeling in my brain it will make me arrogant and stop to study more and more. So I should always never stop to build up my ability in English. In my belief, the word develops means that we should improve everything all time in all my life. I know, English is never ending discussion, I mean that we will feel that we do not know a lot about English when we learn it more and more, we will realize that our ability is still low and there are many things that we should know sooner, it will never enough for me just to study about grammar, pronunciation, spelling, but I should learn more about cultures, way of life, history, and international issues. The most important point is how to apply English in our daily as a teacher. We should not only develop our ability in English but we should develop every single part that will be requirements as a professional teacher. We should know about students’ characteristics, about the education curriculum, and realize the aims as a teacher, to know about students’ characteristics, we should learn about psychology side, and my experience in teaching will also help me to know about students’ characteristics too, to know about the education curriculum we should read a lot of books about the history of education curriculum and always update the information of the latest curriculum in Indonesia, “Read professional journals and trade magazines to keep current on the latest development in your field”. Retried on nov25, 2008, as a teacher we should realize what we should do for our students and the aims that we want is always improving our self confidence. I always make a reflection every time to know how far I understand about English. According to the New York, arcane on nov 25, 2008, that self development is taking personal responsibility for one’s own learning and development through a process of assessment, reflection, and taking action. For examples, I know that I am not the student who always study a subject on my leisure time, I realize my weakness and I divert it to another style, I always read many books or after a teaching process in the classroom, I feel less understand in that subjects, so I ask to my self “why I could not get it”. I believe that the words will make me motivate my self to improve my self development be better and better. But the most point when I will improve it is I know and understand how the way and what kind of step that I should be done.

I need unlimited time to develop my personal development as an English teacher, for me develop means a process which always changes every time according to the era or it means that I should always update the knowledge in my brain, always know about the current issues, and understand well about what happen in this world, especially about education. But as an English student who will be a teacher, time for me be willing to invest in my personal development is during study in the university which prepare me to be a professional English teacher, I should come to the every class and get the point what my lecturer lectures and study more about it at home or out the classroom. I am a typically people who can not only study at classroom or study at home without doing other activities in my life, I study at campus, and when I have leisure time I teach in the private elementary school, door to door courses, and I join students’ organizations to improve my soft skill. So I realize that I have no a lot time to learn the subjects because of my activities, I try to manage my time as good as I can, to get the best achievement in my life. I learned everything that I get in my life for my profession. I read some books to improve my knowledge, I join the organization to train my soft skill, and how the way to read people like a book, I mean how the way to know someone’s characteristic, join the debate community to improve my self confidence and how to know my ability in English.
It is very challenging for me because I should improve my ability and I should understand well the techniques to stand with my opinion. I think this is the way to learn how to survive. I do not know the exactly time for me be willing to invest in my personal development as an English teacher. In my belief, every time is time for me to develop my self confidence. I should always update my knowledge and reflect what I have done, if there is something bad, make it better and better. I will learn a lot now as an English student, later on I will be an English teacher and I should understand and know what the teaching is.

In additional, I will tell you about my philosophy of teaching. Before I start to write here let me tell you about my reason why I choose to study in English department. When I was in the senior high school, I never imagine will be an English teacher one day, my ambition when I was a child is I want to be a flight attendant, my reason is very simple I want to go around the world, I study English because of this reason and another reason which motivate me always. I never imagine being an English teacher, in my opinion; I am a person who can not be patient. When I graduate from senior high school, I changed my mind and I see the possibility that I will get, if I am a flight attendant it seems like a servant for the passengers in airplane, and one day when I am not fit anymore, my company will fire me up. It means that when I am growing old I have no job. So I decide to be a teacher, moreover English teacher is very prospective in the future. I know that teacher will be needed next and this profession is very honorable job, because teacher is one of the most important factors that make students get their successful in the future. In my opinion teaching means a process to a) transfer my knowledge to the students consist of the academic, the knowledge, the technology, and information of what the students need, and so forth. b) to educate every single part that I knew and that the student should do, it means that we educate not only the academic one, but also the behavior and how should them act correctly, and we should give good examples for them, because every single part that we did will influence them direct or indirect way. It is not impossible or it is possible for them to imitate what we did, here we as a model and students will imitate everything we did. We should be a good figure for them. According to the Rx Bryen’s article, he says, "TAs (teaching assignments) who shows lots of energy and commitment, innovation in their teaching and fairness. It's the same kinds of things you look for in any teacher." Retrieved on nov 25, 2008. c) To share what we have been learned so far, it means that we teach them one subject, ask to the student about it, discuss it, and the last we make a conclusion about it. d) The way to make understand the students about strange knowledge, it means that we should make them know about what they should know and we use many innovation media to transfer it. For examples, we are teaching children with sing a song, playing a game, and many more. e) To help the students find their personality, it means that we should guide them to find the identity, in order that there is no abuse in their behavior. f) To help the students find their talent and interest, it means that we should realize what we should do as a teacher, we have to know and guide them to find their talent and interest. We should know what the suitable way to improve their talent and interest.

I hope what I have written here, could be able to present my feeling and my knowledge so far. Thank you

english materials

2008-12-16T04:36:00.000-08:00

PASSIVE VOICE

A.FORM
1.the passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding past participle of the active verb:
Active: We keep the butter here.
Passive: The butter is kept here.

Active: They broke the window.
Passive: The window was broken.

Active: People have seen wolves in the streets.
Passive: Wolves have been seen in the streets.

Note the passive of continuous tenses. This sometimes seems difficult because it requires the present continuous form of to be which is not otherwise much used:

Active: They are repairing the bridge.
Passive: The Bridge is being repaired.

Active: They were carrying the injured player off the field.
Passive: The injured player was being carried off the field.
Other continuous tenses are exceedingly rarely used in the passive so that sentences such are:
They have\had been repairing the road.
They will\would be repairing the road.
Are not normally put into the passive.

2.Auxilary + infinitive combination are made passive by using passive infinitive:
Active: You must shut these doors.
Passive: These doors must be shut.
Active: You ought to open the window.
Passive: The doors ought to be opened.
Active: They should have told him (perfect infinitive passive)
Passive: He should have told him (perfect infinitive passive)

Note also construction such as:
His decision is to be regretted= we regret his decision.
If he is to be believed…= If we believe him…
3. The passive gerund is being + past participle:
Active: I remember my father taking me to the zoo.
Passive: I remember being taken to the zoo by my father.
Students may like to see a table of active tenses and their passive equivalents.

3.students may like to see a table of active tenses and their passive aquivalents.

Tense/verb form active voice passive voice
Simple present keeps is kept
Present continuous is keeping is being kept
Simple past kept was kept
Past continuous was keeping was being kept
Present perfect has kept has been kept
Past perfect had kept had been kept
Future will keep will be kept
Conditional would keep would be kept
Perfect conditional would have kept would have been kept
Present infinitive to keep to be kept
Perfect infinitive to have kept to have been kept
Present participle/gerund keeping being kept
Perfect participle having kept having been kept

The patterns
a. simple present tense: is, am, are.
b. simple past tense: was, were.
c. continuous tense: being.
d. future tense: be.
e. present perfect tense: been.

B. use
The passive voice is used in English when it is more convenient or interesting to stress the thing done than the doer of it, or when the doer is unknown: My watch was stolen is much more usual than thieves stole my watch.
Note that in theory a sentence containing a direct and an indirect object, such as someone gave her a bulldog, could have two passive forms:
She was given a bulldog.
A bulldog was given to her.
The first of these is much more usual, i.e. the indirect object becomes the subject of the passive verb.

Prepositions with passive verbs
a.in a passive sentence the agent, or doer of the action, is very often not mentioned. When the agent is mentioned it is preceded by by:
active: David painted this picture.
Passive: this picture was painted by David.
Active: who wrote it?
Passive: who is written by?
Active: what caused this crack?
Passive: what was this crack caused by?

Note, however, that the passive form of such sentences as
Smoke filled the room. Pain covered the lock.
Will be:
The room was filled with smoke.
The lock was covered with pain.
We are dealing here with materials used, not with agents.
b.when a verb+ preposition+object combination is put into the passive; the preposition will remain immediately after the verb.
Active: we must write to him.
Passive: he must be written to.
Active: you can play with these cubs quite safely.
Passive: these cubs can be played with quite safely.

Similarly with verbs+ preposition/ adverb combinations:
Active: they throw away the old newspapers.
Passive: the old newspapers were thrown away.
Active: he looked after the children well.
Passive: the children were well looked after.

Infinitive constructions after passive verbs
a.After acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimafeel, find, know, presume, report, say, think, understand, etc.
Sentences of the type people think/ consider/know etc. that he…have two possible passive forms:
It is thought/ considered/known etc. that he is…
He is thought/ considered/ known etc. to be…
Similarly:
People said that he was jealous of her= it was said that he was jealous of her or he was said to be jealous of her.
The infinite construction is the neater of the two. It is chief used with to be though other infinitive can sometimes be used he is thought to have information which will be useful to the politic.
When the thought concerns a previous action we use the perfect infinitive so that:
People know that he was…= it is known that he was…or he is known to have been …
People believe that he was …= it was believed that he was…or he was believed to have been …
This construction can be used with the perfect infinitive of a verb.

b.after suppose
1.suppose in the passive can be followed by the present infinitive any verb but this construction usually conveys an idea of duty a is not therefore the normal equivalent of suppose in the active you are supposed to know how to drive= it is your duty to know/ you should know how to drive though he is supposed to be in Paris could mean either he ought to be there or people suppose he is there.
2.suppose in the passive can similarly be followed by the perfect infinitive of any verb. This construction may convey an idea of duty but very often does not: you are supposed to have finished= you should have finished. But he is supposed to have escape this disguised as a women= people suppose that he escaped etc.
c.note that an infinitive placed after a passive verb is normally a full infinitive, i.e. an infinitive with to:
active: we show them go out. He made us work.
Passive: they were seen to go out. He were made to work.
Let, however is used without to:
Active: they let us go.
Passive: we were let go.

d.the continuous infinitive can be used after the passive of think, know, believe, understand, report, say, suppose:
he is thought/known/believed/said/supposed to be living abroad = people think/know/believe/say/suppose that he is living abroad.
You are supposed to be working = you should be working.
The perfect form of the continuous infinitive is also possible:
He is believed to have been waiting for a massage = people believe that he was waiting for a massage.
You are supposed to have been working = you should have been
Working.

e.Passive voice with “get”
Get dapat pula dipakai untuk mempasive kan kalimat active. Hanya saja tidak semua tidak semua verba dapat dipasifkan dengan get dalam kalimat passive. Verba-verba itu misalnya: arrest, catch, hurt, kill, marry, repair, start, steal.
Examples:
A smuggler was arrested at the harbour.
A smugger got arrested at the harbour.

Many people were killed in the plane crash.
Many people got killed in the plane crash.

The engine can not be started.
The engine can not get started.

FORMING THE PASSIVE

S V O
ACTIVE : (a) Mary helped the boy.

S V O
PASSIVE : (b) The boy was helped by Mary.

Form the passive: be + past participle
In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: “the boy” in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b). (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
ACTIVE : (c) An accident happened.
PASSIVE : (d) (none)

Only transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use verbs such as happen, sleep, come, and seems (intransitive verbs) in the passive. (see Appendix 1, Chart A-1.)

USING THE PASSIVE

a.Rice is grown in India.
b.Our house was built in 1890.
c.This olive oil was imported from Spain.
Usually the passive is used without a “by phrase.” The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs in action.
In a): rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, by someone. In sentence (a), it is not known or important to know exactly who grows rice in India.
(a), (b), (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive, i.e., without “by phrase”
d. life on the Mississippi was written by Mark Twain.
The “by phrase” is included only if it is important to know who performs an action. In (d), by Mark Twain is important information.
e. My aunt made this rug. (active)
if the speaker/ writer knows who performs an action, usually the active is used, as in (e)
f. This rug was made by my aunt.
This rug was made by mother.
The passive may be used with the “by phrase” instead of the active when the speaker/writer wants to focus attention on the subject of a sentence. In (f) the focus of attention is on two rugs.

REFERENCES
Thomson, A. J and A. V. Martinet. 1960. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford. Oxford University press.
Djauhari, imam. 1985. Mastery on English Grammar. Surabaya. Indah.
betty schrampfer azar. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New jersey. Prentice Hall.
Raymond Murphy. 1985. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge. Cambridge University press.
Wisnubroto W and Lulut M. 1994. Complete English Grammar. Yogyakarta. Penerbit kanisius.

THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH (delapan bagian dari tata bahasa inggris)

1.Noun (kata benda)
2.Pronoun (kata ganti)
3.Verb (kata kerja)
4.Adjective (kata sifat)
5.Adverb (kata tambahan)
6.Preposition (kata depan)
7.Conjunction (kata penghubung)
8.Interjection (kata seru)

NOUN
The noun is one of the most important parts of speech. Its arrangement with the verb helps to form the sentence core which is essential to every complete sentence.
Kinds of noun
1.Concrete noun (kata benda berwujud)
Concrete noun is a word for a physical object that can be perceived by the sense- we can see, touch, and smell the object e.g.
Marry (nama seseorang)
Man
Girl
Father
Table
Book

2.Abstract noun (kata benda tak berwujud)
An abstract noun is a word for a concept. It is an idea that exists in our minds only e.g.
Beauty
Happiness (kebahagiaan)
Life (kehidupan)

The kinds of concrete noun
1. Proper noun (kata benda tersendiri)
A proper noun begins with a capital later in writing. For example name of person, cities, countries, rivers, mountains etc.
Contoh:
Surabaya, Jakarta, Tokyo
Indonesia, Malaysia, Jerman
Yudhistira, Trifa, Anneroid
Mediantara
Lentera Ilmu Surabaya
2.Common noun (kata benda biasa)
Contoh:
Bridge
Mountain
Plane
River water
Kata benda tak berwujud dapat dibentuk dari kata kerja ke kata sifat, kata sifat yang ditambah akhiran ness dan bisa juga berasal dari kata benda biasa.
Contoh:
To adjust – adjustment
Sad – sadness
Champion – championship
3.Collective noun (kata benda kumpulan)
Contoh:
Army (tentara)
Flock (gerombolan)
Group (kelompok)
4.Material noun (kata benda bahan baku)
Kata benda tersebut digunakan untuk menunjukan benda yang berasal dari bahan baku.
Contoh:
Gold, silver, stone, oil, etc.

SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUN
Singular and plural noun are countable noun. In general, singular noun can be a plural noun by adding S or ES.
Doll – dolls
Ruler – rulers
Note:
Nouns ending in o or ss, sh, ch or x form their plural by adding es:
Tomato – tomatoes
Watch – watches
Kiss – kisses
Box – boxes
Brush – brushes
But words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in o add s only:
Piano – pianos
Kimono – kimonos
Photo – photos
Nouns ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and ending ies:
Baby – babies
Lady – ladies
Nouns ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s only:
Donkey – donkeys
Boy boys
Nouns ending f or fe add ves:
Wife – wives, wolf – wolves, self – selves, etc.
There are some of nouns which have the same form between singular and plural. For example:
Deer - deer, fish – fish, rubbish – rubbish, sheep – sheep.
There are also nouns have change their word in form their plural. For example:
Goose – geese, mouse – mice, man – men, tooth – teeth, woman – women, foot – feet.

FUNCTION OF NOUNS

1.subject of verb
Who or what is being talked about. The verb agrees with the subject in person and in number, for example:
The girl is resting.
The girls are resting.

2.complement of verb
This complements the predication after the verb.
Object of verb
A). a direct object. Who or what receives the action of the verb. For example:
We need some money.
b). an indirect object. A second object to or for which the action of the verb is directed. For example:
please give that man some money.
3. Subjective complement (predicate noun)
Use after a linking verb to refer back to the subject . For example:
Washington was the first president of the United States.
4. object of preposition.
Completes the idea of time, direction, position, etc. begun by a preposition. For example:
The students sat at his desk
5. noun in apposition (appositive)
A second noun used after a first one to re-identify the first one. Example:
Mr. Johnson, my lawyer, is very intelligent.

REFERENCES

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English. New York. Prentice- hall, Inc.

Thomson, A. J and A. V. Martinet. 1960. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford. Oxford University press.